Philosophy Unit Essay

A thought or nonion that apprizenot be true or ridiculous beau ideal, Dog, Evil Proposition A statement which is either right/ hurt paragon is pink noesis Expressed in propositions that be organize by joining concepts, state something that is true or false The hang back is Yellow Three Types of Knowledge Propositional- Know that Knowledge by indecorum Know of capacity/Ability Know how A Priori Propositional bopledge that we write out is right before (sense) take in 2+2=4 A Posteriori Propositional familiarity that we know is right only after (sense) do it The fling is blue Synthetic Not true by definition Tells us something substantial about the being Snow is white uninflected unfeigned by definition only Bachelors be unmarried men prerequisite Had to be true, true in all possible areas Maths 2+2=4 Contingent Could be otherwise Obama was elected chair Induction Reasoning that draws conclusions from a finite collection of s pecific observations. 1). The cheerfulness has always risen 2). The sun will always rise significance Reasoning in which the conclusion mustiness follow the premises 1). homo is mortal 2). Socrates is globe 3).Socrates is mortal Innate Knowledge that is present in the creative thinker at save abstract Schemes Kant Intuitive propositions that we know are right done pure thought I think thereof I exist Descartes Empiricism Argues that you can only have analyticalal a priori acquaintance totally Widows were once Married (Analytic a priori) freethinking Argues that you can have analytic and synthetic a priori friendship (Not Plato) God Exists Descartes (Synthetic a priori) All Ideas Come From lie with Empiricism John Locke David Hume The spirit is a Tabula Rasa Blank Slate necromancer + Reflection round-eyed, complex, and abstract ideas Simple ideas come from sensation Complex + raise come from reflection Sensation creates impressions in our mind s Ideas are faint impressions of sensations which are vivid and forceful All thoughts are combinations of ideas e. g. Golden Mountain Counter Arguments Not all bare(a) ideas come from experience Missing shade of blue Hume Complex/Abstract ideas are not from experience general idea is required to process the abstract idea Curruthers some(a) ideas are innate Ideas of God/ timeless institution Descartes venose Marble Leibniz All fellowship is innate in the soul, closelipped needs to be recalled Plato Knowledge about what exists must be reassert by sense experience John Lock 2 Fountains of Knowledge Sensation + Reflection All ideas are from these So all propositions must be as well BUT David Hume Humes differentiate traffic of Ideas Analytic a priori acquaintance Matters of Fact Synthetic a posteriori companionship Anything is Empty Metaphysical Speculation and should be cast to the flames e. g. God Humes Fork it self is empty metaphysical speculation contra dicts itself Alfred Jules Ayer Verification Principle Analytic or Empirically Verifiable (can be turn upn by experience) Anything else is empty e. g. Infinity John Stewart Mill No a priori knowledge All knowledge is a posteriori and learnt through induction, including logic and mathematics What about analytic a priori knowledge? A bachelor is not married StrengthsSets ready limits on appropriate objects of knowledge Allows us to learn without organism confuse by Empty Metaphysical Speculation The view reflects our experience of information It explains why we learn like we do Counter Arguments Sense experience is never certain Leads to scepticism Senses, Dreams, Deceiving Demon Descartes Cave Analogy Plato Some knowledge about what exists is known a priori Self/God/EW Descartes Forms Plato Causation, self, space Kant Knowledge of relations of ideas is a priori Dont pass water more certain True in all possible worlds Russell Experience alone is unintelligible Needs to be mediated through a conceptual dodging Kant, Saphir/Whorf Mind contains innate knowledgePlato All knowledge is innate Slave Boy Analogy No education nevertheless still recognises the proof Learning as recollecting/remembering prompted by inquisitive Reason recognises truth not the senses BUT Boy is prompted through questions Leibniz Veined Marble Mind not passive contains natural inclinations and dispositions, habits or potentialities Kant Conceptual Schemes are innate Categories are innate e. g. Space, Time, Self The conceptual system of rules is innate capacity/ability knowledge, not propositional knowledge Counter arguments This knowledge can be explained through intuition and deduction Reason discovers the knowledge Descartes Innate knowledge is absurd There is no universal agree Children and idiots dont know the simplest truths Locke Innate knowledge is a near contradiction Impossible to know entirely not know that you know Locke Doctrine o f Innate IdeasDescartes Ideas are either Adventitious From experience unreal Made up by us Innate In the mind at birth God, Infinity, and supreme perfection are not experienced or made up They must indeed be innate (Trademark Argument We know of God, but do not experience God He left his mark on us This is innate) Innate ideas provide the materials for reason to think develop knowledge without needing experience Counter Arguments John Locke The mind as a Tubula Rasa (slank slate) at birth There is no innate knowledge only a posteriori knowledge We have of positive idea of infinity Infinity is defined in the negative never ending, only ever experience being able to add more on David Hume All ideas are create from experience E. g. Golden Mountain God is just qualities in man joined together and augmented without limit Knowledge Through mistrust + Deduction bring up Terms Intuition Self evident truths Reached through pure thought Deduction Conclusion reached by following alike premises e. g. Sudoku Original be are self evident, other numbers discovered through reason. Answer is certain Descartes Intuition Self as a thinking thing exists (The Cogito) Deduction God Exists External world exists (Ontological Argument) Counter Arguments Descartes intuitions and deduction dont work Existence of self not known through reason Cogito only proves only the earthly concern of thought, not a thinker e. g.BFG (Big Friendly Giant) Ontological Argument fails to prove the existence of God scarcely proves hypothetical existence Hume Proof for existence of external world depends on existence of a good God Humes Fork Reason limited to tautologies/relations of ideas No a priori knowledge Mill Is certainty confined to introspection and the tautological? Key Terms Introspection Looking inwards i. e. Internal experiences Tautology say the same thing twice E. g. Reverse Backwards (i. e. Analytic) David Hume Humes Fork Reason is limited to the meaning of words Descartes Experience is limited to warm awareness We can never be sure that the external world corresponds to out experiences (we might be dreaming/demon) Conclusions David Hume Yes Humes Fork Only relations of ideas can be certain, all matters of fact are dissipate to doubt Descartes No Reason can discover certain knowledge of the world through intuition and deduction e. g. God exists Kant No We can have certain synthetic a priori knowledge of our conceptual dodge e. g. We will perceive the world in space, time, causation Yes We can never know of the world of the noumena Experience is intelligible due to a conceptual scheme Kant Mind is active Organises experience into categories e. g.Filing Cabinet logical into Space/ time/causal relations/unity Conceptual scheme Universal, a priori, necessary Implications Synthetic a priori knowledge of the categories is possible e. g. cookie cutter analogy Cutter is set (conceptual scheme), What it is cutting can change, but still get the same shape Only know the phenomena, never the noumena Fishing Net/Blue Spectacles Analogy Saphir/Whorf Experience is legitimate due to the language that we use Linguistic relativism Societies organise experience by defining thing with words e. g. Inuit + Snow, and Hopi + Time Conceptual Scheme A posteriori, relative contingent Implications World as it is is still unknowable No innate scheme, rather a range of different schemes