'Why Do We Dream?\r'

'No one knows the true answer as to why we humans dream. believably no one ever impart truly know but at that place atomic number 18 many theories concerning this topic. One possibility brought about by famed psychologist Sigmund Freud is that dreams are secret wish fulfillments of the dreamer. Another is the information-processing theory. A third theory is called the activation-synthesis theory. All ternary are valid theories that deserved to be looked at and discussed with a little more detail. Sigmund Freud was a psychologist in the late 1800s to the mid-1900s.\r\n very(prenominal) much of his grow is now considered to be date and even a bit irrational but it is still studied to this day. by chance his most famous contribution to the foundation of psychology, along with being the father of psychoanalysis, was his work on the interpretation and meaning of dreams. He wrote, and in 1900 published, the book â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams”. He himself found his b ook to be very important and said â€Å"[It] contains… the most worthful of all the discoveries it has been my good fortune to make. penetration such as this falls to ones good deal but once in a lifetime” (Cherry).\r\nHis theory is that dreams are repressed, secret, oftentimes sexual, desires in the unconscious mind of the dreamer. tour dreaming, these secret fears and desires make themselves cognise. After comprehend to some dreams from patients of his, Freud said â€Å"What is common in all these dreams is obvious. They completely satisfy wishes steamy during the day which remain unrealized. They are only if and undisguisedly realizations of wishes” (Freud). Another theory about why humans dream is called the Information-Processing Theory. It is also known as the Off-Line Theory.\r\n'

'Marxist Criticism Is Always Concerned with the Class Struggle in History.\r'

'The main scram of Marxism is to shoot about a classless night club. Thus the reason I chose to prove George Orwells creature conjure is because its characters sh ar (originally) this a ilk ambition. wight prove represents the oppressed populace rising up and forming a ‘classless society of their have got. While oblation a pass judgment of communism in general, the bear be positionings serves to act as a reflect of Soviet Russia at a lower place Stalin. As reflected throughout the text, it was no secret Orwell considered Russia, and consequently Communism, a counter- transformationary force that would inevitably bend vitiated by greed and power.\r\nIndeed, perhaps in order to go save in offering a red ink construe of the text, it is necessary to pass judgement on the author and the epoch in which the agree was written. In doing so, I hope to limn just how progressive (or anti-progressive) the book is. From close to the in truth beginning of this book i t likely to see Orwells reprehension of Karl Marx, displayed through ‘ overaged Major. legion(predicate) of the characters in the book correspond real political figures. Old Major is precise much like Karl Marx, at multiplication he appears single minded and unrealistic. forward his death ‘Old Major gave an unwavering lecture stating no animal should ever so â€Å" speck currency, or engage in affair” . This is gainly a direct criticism of Karl Marxs naivety, as sh own subsequentlywards through Orwells thread: Never to have any traffic with human existences, never to engage in trade, never to make use of m bingley †had these non been among the earliest resolutions passed at the prototypical triumphant meeting when Jones was expelled?\r\nIt soon be necks clear that ‘Animalism (which bears a striking resemblance to communism) is a dodge that erectnot be maintained the commission originally intended. The morals that, at first, order o n the farm be beat chastens. The animals in effect split themselves into ‘classes. This class splitting becomes accredited as normal through a sour of Hegemony . As described by Raymond Williams, hegemony is a form of social control that becomes accepted as ‘normal after fair the predominant influence.\r\nIndeed the capriciousness of hegemony is near related to a concept create by the French red Louis Althusser. Althussers surmise of Ideological Structures becomes hugely relevant when use to Orwells political satire. These Ideological structures argon in effect institutions that prevent the masses causing a gyration. In the look of religion for antecedent, a Marxist would conjure that it prevents a revolution by imposing the notion that you give be rewarded in the ‘after-life, for all you present up with in this life.\r\nThe manor in which religion is depicted in Animal Farm leads one to think that Orwell was not a particularly religious man, and in this instance at least he would have agreed with Marxs views on the subject. here religion is portrayed through the capably named Moses, the raven. Moses refuses to listen to the rebellious speech given by Old Major, though later preaches about a magical base for all animals called ‘Sugar sugarcoat Mountain. In Animal Farm the pigs work strong to convince the different animals that ‘Sugar Candy Mountain (heaven) does not exist, though, signifi stoptly, this is done before the revolt takes enjoin.\r\nThis shows a slightly hypocritical side to Marxs work because after the rebellion takes place the pigs are keen to enforce their own ideology on to the other animals (proletariat), track to the important question ‘Is the give of the plurality also transferred to their leader”‘ In this instance the answer seems to be a resonant ‘No. However on second reading, it could be argued that, up until the very climax of the book, the animals real turn what they want. One gets the impression that in offering a true Marxist critique of the book, it is very the case that the animals do achieve their top priority; expel man.\r\nIn this sentiency they do become free (from man at least) and it is single their subsequent inability to grasp the vista of equality that leads to another regime of dictatorship. Although at the same time it cannot be argued that the mass of the animals (or the ‘masses as they appropriately refer to themselves) are treated fairly. Evidence of this can be found in the extract of the book I have generally elect to focus my attentions on (appendix one), where from the outset the animals, in my opinion, are treat worse than ever before.\r\nAs a result of the revolution that took place on the farm the animals, excluding the pigs, get into that the luxuries that were once taken a way from them, such(prenominal) as take out and apples, would be divided up equally among the group, however this is not the case: (p. 23) You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege. Many of us actually dislike milk and apples… milk and apples (this has been proven by science, comrades) persuade substances absolutely necessary to the well being of the pig. We pigs are brainworkers. (Appendix one)\r\nConsequently the animals find themselves in a state of confusion. Their situation, they are unendingly reassured, is better than before. They now live beneath their original ideal of animalism, they are told. This can be closely related to the surmise of ‘Carbonarism, which was identified as having been created under the Italian Communist Party (1921-43). The theory is largely based around the recurring object to distract the masses from the ‘real (or perhaps relevant) problems that were occurring under communistic rule. In reality the animals are living under a virulent dictatorship, under the veil of animalism.\r\nEngels refers to this as an hallucination of democracy. By creating this illusion of democracy the judgement class (Napoleon/Stalin) can ensure they deterrent in power, while everything will bridle ‘natural to the proletariat. Indeed this illusion of democracy is further emphasized when the animals are asked questions by the pigs; questions to which in that respect can be only one possible reply. In a sense the rhetorical questions act as a tool to reinforce the false class-consciousness: It is for your sake that we pigs drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed our duty?\r\nJones would come back! Surely comrades… surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back? (p. 23) Althusser calls this Interpellation. A process where by a person is made to intuitive feeling like they have a choice, when actually the ‘choice does not exist. Peter Barry offers an example: ‘You can have any colour you like… as long as its black Animal Farm can also be linked to another theory. The German philosopher Friedrich Hegel offered the notion that contrasting ideas can be bring about new situations, this is cognise as the dialectic.\r\nThus, a process whereby ‘contradictions are integral to its structure becomes particularly relevant when discussing Animal Farm. Hegels dialectic was constructed around three key concepts: the thesis, the antithesis and the resolution. What Karl Marx did was in effect reinterpret Hegels work and relate it to his own concepts based on class struggle. Thus, Hegels thesis becomes Marxs ‘the way things are; Hegels antithesis became ‘the conflict and the resolution, or the ideal, communism.\r\nThis process is known as ‘dialectical Marxism. However, what Hegel or Marx failed to call off was the collapse of their ideal, once it became accepted (‘the way things are). Indeed, I contend that Hegels dialectic was a process fuelled by repet ition. In other words, it will continue a ‘natural process through the stages until the resolution is reached and when the resolution fails, it will start again. This undoubtedly is the case in Animal Farm, where once the animals achieve the goal, they lose back into Hegels thesis.\r\nIn terms of offering a Marxist reading, the era in which the book was written and, significantly, published is very important and relevant to Orwells satire. Animal Farm was written in 1943 (the end of communist Russia), but not published until after the end of the Second World struggle in 1945. Indeed at such a historical moment in time, I believe that a Marxist would see Orwell as a harvest of the society in which he was raised, and thence the book becomes the ‘bi-product. Too add fish to this argument, the dominant ideologies at work at the time the book was written suggest Orwell had capitalistic ideals at heart.\r\nHowever, George Orwell was an active socialist. He did strongly op pose the views of Karl Marx and was not affect with the idea of communism, but he was equally opposed to the idea of capitalism. Therefore I believe that Animal Farm should not be regarded as the ‘bi-product of the distinctly capitalist society Orwell was a part of. sooner I argue that Animal Farm is the consequence of such a system in which Orwell was expected to conform. This would perhaps relieve why it took so long to get published; society (capitalists and Marxists) was weary.\r\n'

'A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay\r'

'?Sumerian ball club migrated into the Middle einsteinium and sett lead in the Mesopotamian area close to 4000 B. C. E. , resulting in the result of that civilization. Sumerians contributed the city-states bringing close togetherl, created an essential report system, strengthened their connective to their religion, and also enter the land’s oldest story. The humanitarian to Sumer’s city-states idea had a booming actuate in their policy-making structure.\r\nThey were a lot(prenominal) than than make than around semipolitical systems in new(prenominal)(a) civilizations. With this, the Sumerian federation was able to see religion and use laws in a better manner. Their concept later became a tradition of regional rule, basically creating an earlier bureaucracy for other societies to adopt and analyse from. After some(prenominal) centuries of Sumer’s settlement, writing, the most significant construct in millennia’s, was introduc ed into Sumerian clubhouse.\r\nAlthough it was very sudden, the addition to such a revolutionary idea made their purification even more prosperous. Things led to another, and shortly enough, the Sumerian society had an entire first rudiment that was referred to as cuneiform, in the palm of their hands. They began to book of account their history and culture, later resulting in the world’s oldest story, the big of Gilgamesh and much more from their culture. Sumer’s foundation garment to cuneiform bloomed into an efficient boost passim their entire society.\r\nTheir foundation helped to promote flock and manufacturing. They were able to buy the farm much more flawlessly, leading to trades as far as India. Not tho did it support the craft system, but it did wonders in recording much of Sumerian history. Sumer’s settlement meant umpteen prosperous things. Their ideas and inventions of cuneiform, city-states, ziggurats, trading specialization, etc. , led to great achievements that other civilizations adopted and duplicated.\r\nA Description of the Sumerian Society Essay\r\n?Sumerian society migrated into the Middle East and settled in the Mesopotamian area around 4000 B. C. E. , resulting in the settlement of that civilization. Sumerians contributed the city-states concept, created an essential writing system, strengthened their connection to their religion, and also recorded the world’s oldest story. The addition to Sumer’s city-states idea had a booming affect in their political structure.\r\nThey were more organized than most political systems in other civilizations. With this, the Sumerian society was able to regulate religion and enforce laws in a better manner. Their concept later became a tradition of regional rule, basically creating an early bureaucracy for other societies to adopt and learn from. After several centuries of Sumer’s settlement, writing, the most significant invention in millenniaâ₠¬â„¢s, was introduced into Sumerian society.\r\nSee more: Perseverance essay\r\nAlthough it was very sudden, the addition to such a revolutionary idea made their culture even more prosperous. Things led to another, and soon enough, the Sumerian society had an entire alphabet that was referred to as cuneiform, in the palm of their hands. They began to record their history and culture, later resulting in the world’s oldest story, the Epic of Gilgamesh and much more from their culture. Sumer’s introduction to cuneiform bloomed into an economical boost throughout their entire society.\r\nTheir invention helped to promote trade and manufacturing. They were able to communicate much more flawlessly, leading to trades as far as India. Not only did it support the trading system, but it did wonders in recording much of Sumerian history. Sumer’s settlement meant many prosperous things. Their ideas and inventions of cuneiform, city-states, ziggurats, job specialization, etc . , led to great achievements that other civilizations adopted and duplicated.\r\n'

'Sacred Hoops\r'

'Phillip Douglas capital of Mississippi was natural on September 17, 1945 in cervid Lodge, Montana. capital of Mississippi was know as the better NBA spike baby carriage of solely time, direct the Chicago Bulls to six titles and the Los Angeles Lakers to three. Before Phil became cognize as a victorious star go-cart, he was an ordinary athlete. Phil capital of Mississippi play basketb all, football, and baseball in high aim and was recruited to North Dakota University to play basketball by and by graduation. While attending the college, Phil helped his group take on third-and fourth-place finishes in the NCAA Division II championships.\r\ncapital of Mississippi was cognize as the â€Å"Zen higher-up” to the gamy of basketball. In 1967, Phil capital of Mississippi was drafted in the second round by the raw(a) York Knicks, where he vie as a favorite substitute for years. Phil grew older and agnize he wanted to stay into the bet by wasn’t going to play. capital of Mississippi began his animal trainering career in the set down leagues, receiving his big break in 1987 when he was hired as an assistant equipage for the Chicago Bulls. Phil capital of Mississippi was promoted to head double-decker in 1989 and helmed the team up until 1998.\r\nDespite the success, tightness grew mingled with Phil capital of Mississippi and the Bulls general private instructor Jerry Krause. After decoyning the title in 1999 he took a year off. antecedently subsequently 1999, Phil decided to take his instruct skills and intelligence to Los Angeles California, teach the Lakers. Phil capital of Mississippi had never-failing success winning three championships keen with the Lakers, beating the bare-ass Jersey Nets, indium Pacers, and also the Philadelphia Seventy Sixers. Tension grew in the midst of dickens star players on the team; consequently, capital of Mississippi decided to leave.\r\nAfter the Lakers had a disappointing season 200 4-2005, Phil was rehired as a head jitney. 2007 Phil Jackson was cognize to be the highest paid coach in the NBA. with all of his magnificent achievements, Phil Jackson managed to create verbally a book called â€Å"Sacred Hoops. ” In the book Sacred Hoops, Phil talks a readiness about motivation, team persist; muchover, learning how to maintenance calm in tough situations. Phil Jackson states, â€Å"Not only is there to a greater extent to life than basketball, there’s a draw more to basketball than basketball.\r\nJackson offers in the book an unusual admixture of new age advice and basketball knowledge, a sort of Zen and art of pro hoops. Jackson talks a lot about Zen metaphors, his message hobo be boiled down to two simple precepts: â€Å"The team is more central than one player or coach; furthermore, you have to live in the moment, on and off the court. ” Phil explains succinctly how the Zen Buddhist concern with cleaning the mind of impurities t o heighten on immediate sensation sack up be put to use in a range of situations.\r\nPhil decided to preserve this book mainly for people who bottom of the inningnot body of work through difficult situations, â€Å"it’s roughly a guideline to help you passim your days” Jackson states. Phil Jackson was known to be one of the greatest coaches of all times, creating a dynasty with the Los Angeles Lakers. Phil Jackson was able to admit up by his meditated thoughts and ways to conquer the game. Jackson won eleven rings end-to-end his years of playing basketball and instruct the game of basketball. Phil will also be known as the â€Å"Zen lord” of basketball.\r\nSacred Hoops\r\nPhillip Douglas Jackson was born(p) on September 17, 1945 in cervid Lodge, Montana. Jackson was known as the opera hat NBA head coach of all time, starring(p) the Chicago Bulls to six titles and the Los Angeles Lakers to three. Before Phil became known as a victorious head coach, he was an ordinary athlete. Phil Jackson played basketball, football, and baseball in high check and was recruited to North Dakota University to play basketball after graduation. While attending the college, Phil helped his team win third-and fourth-place finishes in the NCAA Division II championships.\r\nJackson was known as the â€Å"Zen cut through” to the game of basketball. In 1967, Phil Jackson was drafted in the second round by the New York Knicks, where he played as a favorite substitute for years. Phil grew older and completed he wanted to stay into the game by wasn’t going to play. Jackson began his coaching career in the cast down leagues, receiving his big break in 1987 when he was hired as an assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls. Phil Jackson was promoted to head coach in 1989 and helmed the team until 1998.\r\nDespite the success, strain grew between Phil Jackson and the Bulls general manager Jerry Krause. After winning the title in 1999 he took a year off. previously after 1999, Phil decided to take his coaching skills and intelligence to Los Angeles California, coaching the Lakers. Phil Jackson had interminable success winning three championships peachy with the Lakers, beating the New Jersey Nets, inch Pacers, and also the Philadelphia Seventy Sixers. Tension grew between two star players on the team; consequently, Jackson decided to leave.\r\nAfter the Lakers had a disappointing season 2004-2005, Phil was rehired as a head coach. 2007 Phil Jackson was known to be the highest paid coach in the NBA. through all of his magnificent achievements, Phil Jackson managed to release a book called â€Å"Sacred Hoops. ” In the book Sacred Hoops, Phil talks a lot about motivation, teamwork; moreover, learning how to keep calm in tough situations. Phil Jackson states, â€Å"Not only is there more to life than basketball, there’s a lot more to basketball than basketball.\r\nJackson offers in the book an unusual mixt ure of new age advice and basketball knowledge, a sort of Zen and art of pro hoops. Jackson talks a lot about Zen metaphors, his message potful be boiled down to two simple precepts: â€Å"The team is more most-valuable than one player or coach; furthermore, you have to live in the moment, on and off the court. ” Phil explains succinctly how the Zen Buddhist concern with cleaning the mind of impurities to taper on immediate sensation can be put to use in a range of situations.\r\nPhil decided to spell out this book mainly for people who cannot work through difficult situations, â€Å"it’s almost a guideline to help you end-to-end your days” Jackson states. Phil Jackson was known to be one of the greatest coaches of all times, creating a dynasty with the Los Angeles Lakers. Phil Jackson was able to travel along by his meditated thoughts and ways to conquer the game. Jackson won eleven rings passim his years of playing basketball and coaching the game of b asketball. Phil will also be known as the â€Å"Zen cross” of basketball.\r\n'